Positive punishment involves which of the following actions?

Positive punishment specifically refers to the introduction of an aversive consequence immediately following a behavior, which reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. This aligns with the concept of operant conditioning, where behaviors can be modified through reinforcement and punishment. When an aversive stimulus is added after an undesired behavior, it acts as a deterrent, ideally prompting the individual to refrain from engaging in that behavior again.

In this context, introducing something unpleasant or uncomfortable after the behavior serves to decrease that behavior's frequency. For example, if a student receives extra homework for talking back to the teacher, the added homework is the aversive consequence intended to discourage that behavior. Thus, the essence of positive punishment is found in adding a negative stimulus to influence behavior positively by decreasing undesired actions.