What type of reinforcement involves the withdrawal of an aversive stimulus?

Negative reinforcement involves the withdrawal of an aversive stimulus, which increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated in the future. The key aspect of negative reinforcement is that it removes something unpleasant or undesirable following a desired behavior. For example, if a student studies hard to avoid failing a test, the anxiety of failing (the aversive stimulus) is removed when they perform well. This demonstrates that the behavior of studying is reinforced because it leads to the cessation of an unwanted condition.

In contrast, positive reinforcement involves presenting a favorable stimulus to encourage a behavior, while primary reinforcement and conditional reinforcement relate to the types of stimuli used to reinforce behaviors but do not specifically involve the withdrawal of an aversive stimulus.