Which of the following can significantly influence behavior?

Reinforcers and punishers play a crucial role in shaping behavior through the principles of operant conditioning. When a behavior is followed by a reinforcer, the likelihood of that behavior being repeated increases. Conversely, when a behavior is followed by a punisher, the likelihood of that behavior being repeated decreases. This fundamental aspect of operant conditioning explains how behaviors can be influenced significantly by the consequences that follow them.

While biological predispositions, social interactions, and cognitive processes also impact behavior, they do so in different ways or contexts. Biological predispositions may dictate certain innate behaviors or tendencies, but they do not modify responses as directly and visibly as reinforcers and punishers. Social interactions can influence behavior through norms and peer pressure but lack the specificity of methodical conditioning. Cognitive processes involve thought and understanding, affecting behavior over time but again do not hold the direct influence of immediate consequences seen with reinforcers and punishers. This makes the mechanism of reinforcement and punishment particularly powerful in behavior modification.